a Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed significant bacterial differences in fecal microbiota between the PD (positive score) and control groups (negative score). LDA scores (log10) > 2 and P < 0.05 are shown. b Cladogram using the LEfSe method indicating the phylogenetic distribution of fecal microbiota associated with PD and control participants. c The relative abundance of Prevotella was significantly higher in the control group than in patients with PD. **P < 0.01